What tests are used to diagnose pancreatic cancer?

A blood can’t diagnose pancreatic cancer. Blood tests are used to check your blood cell levels (blood count), how well your liver and kidneys are working, and your general health.

Blood tests can also check for chemical substances produced by cancers called tumour markers. CA19-9 is a marker that may be used to help diagnose pancreatic cancer. But not all pancreatic cancers produce tumour markers, and illnesses that are not cancer can also produce them. The doctors may test for CA19-9, but it won’t diagnose cancer.

If you are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, CA19-9 is sometimes used to monitor the cancer during treatment.

Ultrasound scans use sound waves to make a picture of the inside of the body. The images are displayed on a screen. The scan is done while you are awake. Gel is spread on the skin of your tummy, then a probe is passed over the area. It can take up to 30 minutes and you can go home once it’s over.

A CT scan uses x-rays to create a 3D picture of the pancreas and the organs around it. You should be offered a CT scan if you have suspected pancreatic cancer.

If you have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and haven’t had a CT scan, you should be offered one. The CT scan helps to work out where the cancer is in the pancreas and check for any signs it has spread outside the pancreas. This can help decide the best treatment for you.

A biopsy may be taken during the CT scan.

What does a CT scan involve?

You will be awake during the scan. You will have an injection of dye into a vein to help to show the blood vessels in the area. You won’t feel any discomfort, but you may have a warm feeling while the dye is being injected.

You will lie flat on a bed that moves through the scanner, and x-rays will be taken from different directions. The CT scan usually lasts less than 15 minutes.

MRI scans use magnets and radio waves to build up detailed pictures of the pancreas and surrounding areas.

What does an MRI scan involve?

The scanner is shaped like a tunnel, and you will lie on a bed that moves into it. The scanner is noisy so you may be given earplugs or headphones. You won’t feel anything during the scan. You will be able to hear and talk to the radiographer who operates the scanner from outside the room. You may be given an injection of dye during the scan to help make the pictures clearer. The scan usually takes 20-30 minutes and you can go home afterwards.

An MRCP is a type of MRI scan that looks at the bile duct, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It can give clearer pictures of the bile duct and pancreatic duct, and any blockages in them

A biopsy involves taking small tissue samples to be examined under a microscope. This is usually done with an ultrasound or CT scan, to guide the biopsy needle to the right place.

A biopsy is the only way of being sure that you have pancreatic cancer. It can sometimes be difficult to get enough tissue to make a diagnosis and a second biopsy may be needed.

The results can show exactly what type of cancer you have, which may help the doctors decide on the most suitable treatment. You will need to have a biopsy to confirm your diagnosis before having chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy) or starting a clinical trial. If you are not sure if you have had a biopsy, ask your doctor or nurse.

If you are having surgery to remove pancreatic cancer, such as a Whipple’s operation, you may not always have a biopsy before surgery. The tissue removed during surgery will be examined under a microscope to confirm that it is cancer.

What does an ultrasound or CT guided biopsy involve?

You will be given a local anaesthetic to numb the area where the biopsy will be taken. You may be able to feel some pushing, but it shouldn’t be painful. The ultrasound machine or CT scanner will then be used to guide the biopsy needle into the right place.

After the biopsy you will usually stay at the hospital for a few hours. Someone will need to drive you home and stay with you overnight.

You may be offered an EUS together with a biopsy if your diagnosis still isn’t clear after having a CT scan. It’s also used to confirm a cancer diagnosis. A biopsy involves taking tissue samples.

What does an EUS involve?

You will have a throat spray of local anaesthetic to numb your throat. You will also have a sedative, which won’t put you to sleep but will make you feel drowsy and relaxed. This makes the procedure more comfortable for you.

A thin tube (called an endoscope) is passed through your mouth and down into your stomach. The tube has a video camera at the end and a small ultrasound probe. The ultrasound probe creates detailed pictures. This helps to show where the cancer is in the pancreas and how big it is. It is used to guide biopsies.

If you are having a biopsy with the EUS, a needle is passed through the tube to take tissue samples. This is called an EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS FNB).

The EUS takes 30-60 minutes. You will probably be able to go home a couple of hours afterwards. You will need someone to take you home, as you can’t drive for 24 hours after a sedative. You will also need someone to stay with you overnight.

This combines a CT scan with a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. A PET-CT scan helps to provide a clearer picture of the cancer. It may be used to learn more about the stage of the cancer and how best to treat it. It may also be used after you have been diagnosed to check if the cancer has spread, and during treatment to check how your treatment is working.

If a diagnosis isn’t clear after a CT scan, you may be offered a PET-CT scan. If you have been diagnosed with cancer that is contained in the pancreas (localised cancer), you should also be offered a PET-CT scan. This helps to confirm whether you can have surgery to remove the cancer.

What does a PET-CT scan involve?

A PET-CT scan is similar to a CT scan. A harmless radioactive substance called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) will be injected into a vein in your arm. You will have the scan about an hour after the injection. The scan takes 20-45 minutes, and you can usually go home straight afterwards.

The FDG injection contains sugar, so people with diabetes may need to have their blood sugar levels monitored before they can have this scan. Speak to your doctor or nurse about this.

An ERCP is sometimes used to diagnose problems with the pancreas. It is usually used if your bile duct is blocked, to put a small tube (called a stent) into the bile duct to unblock it.

What does this test involve?

You will have a throat spray of local anaesthetic to numb your throat. You will also have a sedative, which won’t put you to sleep but will make you feel drowsy and relaxed. This makes the procedure more comfortable.

An ERCP uses an endoscope and is similar to an EUS. But an ERCP also involves taking x-rays. Dye is injected through the endoscope so that any blockages will show up on the x-rays. While the endoscope is in place the doctor may use a small brush to take cells from the bile duct to check under a microscope. They may also take a biopsy. If you are having a stent put in with an ERCP and haven’t already had tissue samples taken, the doctor will take a sample during the ERCP.

After the ERCP, you may be able to go home on the same day or the next day. You can’t drive for 24 hours after a sedative, so you may need someone to drive you.